Super Volcanoes informative paper free essay sample

What f I told you that something like the volcano that is thought to have killed all but 15. 000 members of the human population 74,000 years ago is underneath the US. as I speak? Lucky for all of us humans, we may have to face another volcano like this soon, since there is a historically destructive one in Yellowstone National Park. The volcano that possibly killed a majority of the human species and the volcano that currently resides In Yellowstone are both a special kind of volcano called d super volcano, which you will be Informed about today. A super volcano is defined as a volcano capable of spewing more the 1000 km3 of ash, pumice, or lava when it erupts. -according to the US geological survey, Volcano eruptions are measured using a unit called the VEI. To be exact the VEI is used to represent the explosiveness, amount of material ejected, and height of column from a volcano. We will write a custom essay sample on Super Volcanoes informative paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To be a super volcano, a volcano must have a VEI of 8. A volcano with this much power doesnt usually look Ilke an average volcano. Instead of a cone shape, the lava In a super volcano resides underneath the earth and the volcano resembles a arge crater with a slight bulge in the center. This large crater around the center ot the volcano is a caldera. A caldera is a large basin-shaped volcanic depression resulting from the explosion of a center of a volcano. When a super volcano erupts, a few things happern First, a magma pool must form underground. The magma rises to the earths crust but cannot break through, causing pressure. When the pressure becomes too great, the crust bursts, allowing the lava to escape. The area where the lava resided becomes the caldera. There are more than 1900 active volcanoes In the world today according to After erupuons Ilke this In the past, the world has been thrown into a state of global cooling, like the ice-age. This is a volcano with the potential to wipe out a good portion of the human race. However, scientists assure us that we have nothing to worry about. They monitor activity at Yellowstone. and have found no evidence to suggest that there will be another eruption in the near future. Even if Yellowstone did erupt soon, theres no guarantee that it would be on Of2 70,000 years ago, according to the US geological Survey. In summary, a Super volcano is a volcano capable of emitting more the 1000 km3 of ash, pumice, or lava when it erupts, and having a rating higher than VEI 8. A super volcano is characterized by a caldera resulting from past eruptions. The most commonly known super volcano is in Yellowstone National Park, and has had 3 large, significant eruptions in the past 2 million years. One day, it will erupt with the magnitude of past eruptions yet again, and it will be devastating. All we can do is observe the volcano and possibly have a warning when it changes life as we know it.

Doll House essays

Doll House essays AN  ANALYSIS  OF  NORA, THE MEN IN HER LIFE, AND  HER  NAVIGATATION  TO INDEPENDENCE The  play,  A  Doll  House,  written  by  Henrik  Ibsen  in  1879,  is  considered  a   landmark  in  drama  for  its  portrayal  of  realistic  people,  places,  and  situations.  Ibsen   confines  his  story  to  the  middle  class.  He  writes  of  a  society  that  is limited  not only  by  its  means  of  livelihood  but  also  its  outlook.  Ibsen  portrays  his characters    as  preoccupied  with  work  and  money, showing a reduction of values  in  and that lack of quality persons with morals.  Ibsen  takes  this  realistic  story  and  invests  it  with   universal  significance.  Wrapped  up  in  the  technique  of  this  well  constructed   play, Ibsen  is masterful  in  his  presentation  of  not  only  realism,  but he  holds  a  mirror  up   to the  society  of his day by  using  the male  figures  as  catalysts  for  Nora's  ultimate   knowledge  of  self-actualization.  He  accomplishes  this  with  such  precision that  the  audience  might  not  be  aware  all  the  subtleties  that  are  creating  their In  A Doll House,  Nora  forges  the  name  of  her  father  and  risks  damaging  her   husband's  good  name.  Ã‚  Henrik  Ibsen  offers  remarkable  insight  into  the  nineteenth   century  preoccupation  with  the  family  and  the  role  of  the  father, and what role is projected upon those who are subjugated to him.  This  play  takes  up  the  subject  of   strong  women  and  weak  men within the plot. A  prominent  theme  within  this  drama   is  the  deterioration  of  the  male,  who is aware  of  his  role  as  a  "father  figure". This decomposition is observed by the female protagonist (Nora). It is this descent that the role of the father figure is shaped, while creating the  catalyst  for the catharsis or  change  in  Nora.     When  the  female  protagonist  challenges  patriarchalï ¿ ½...

Andy Warhol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Andy Warhol - Essay Example The lines are not sharp. They are hazy and wayward as if drawn with a very lose hand. There are six dollar signs occupying most of the space on the canvas. Except for two, the rest touch the upper and the lower edge of the canvas. Starting from left, the first dollar sign is painted in a very dark maroon color with its shadow showing in red; a translucent hazy image of a dollar sign. The sign looks flat in comparison with the length of the canvas. The second dollar sign has light green background while the dollar sign is painted in purple color with orange shading. It might not be in drastic contrast with the background but it still gives the offset coloring. The next dollar sign has similar pattern; light blue background with light burgundy to fill the dollar sign. The notable thing is the hazy blue appearing as the shading within the dollar sign, which creates this hazy effect such that the viewer might feel drunk. The second row from the left has a different style of the dollar si gn, probably representing the dollar currency of the old days, with two lines through the ‘S’. The contrast with the background is similar to the first picture. The last two signs have light blue and light green backgrounds respectively. It is oil on canvas piece of art. The advantage is to reflect the different collage of colors in each dollar sign. The point of repetition of dollar sign is to mock those people who separate business from art, those who think that apparently art and business are mutually exclusive. The choice of material makes an ordinary sign (the dollar sign appear more appealing). There are not many colors that people see in an ordinary looking thing that is the symbol of power, money and the American dream. Andy has tried to communicate his ideas about art and business through his work. To many the question of repeating the dollar sign is baffling. But Andy delivers a powerful message through this repetition that even art can be manufactured. His st udio was named The Factory only to emphasize his philosophy that art can be dealt as a commodity. The repetition of the dollar sign mocks the people who try to separate the two. It is quite apparent what the artist is trying to do in the painting. For my own reaction to this painting I am nothing short of being in awe of Warhol’s work. There are many art students who think that living the life as an artist is hard with unstable or low income. Andy Warhol is considered one of the most successful artists; the top of those who made money through their art. Warhol proved that when the artist knows his skill inside out it is relatively easy to make money. Just like an experienced financier or investor can get through thick and thin and able to save his company, the same is the case with an artist; by simply painting a lame dollar sign in different colors, shades and backing it with a thought proved successful for him. He got fame and as a consequence got fortune so it conveys a ve ry powerful meaning to me that we only need to figure out the way. Sometimes the path needs to be cut out but there is no such thing as dead end or rigidity in arts. I chose this particular piece for I am a fan of Andy Warhol’s work. I look up to his paintings when I need inspiration. When people tell me that my work isn’t good enough or when people doubt my abilities I read about Andy Warhol and look at his artwork. Today when a successful artist is known by the amount of money he makes, it is only imperative to learn the tricks of the trade. Without being recognized or being paid for the work, there is hardly any future to a talent, be it the fasted pitcher or the most skillful artist. The likes of Michelangelo and Da Vinci weren’t excused of this bitter reality of life. Warhol’

International Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

International Financial Management - Essay Example The basic types of exchange rate regimes are the fixed exchange rate and the floating exchange rate. In the latter case the market decides the movements of the exchange rate. Exchange rate volatility is a common denominator of a country's exposure to international risk through foreign transactions, whether international trade or investment (Madura, 2009). The higher the degree of exposure the higher the degree of risk associated with such exposure. Thus the exchange rate can be considered as an important indicator in monetary policy and it mainly depends on the monetary policy framework of a particular country. Exchange rate can be identified as a target for particular government's policy and that it can actively manage with the other components of a monetary policy such as inflation, balance of payments and so on. For instance the changes in exchange rate in a short term can impact on the real economy and the balance of payments and in the long term those effects can be adjusted with the exchange rate movements. Therefore developing countries that depend on commodity exports to a greater extent are more likely to face a greater degree of risk due to the fact that commodity prices in international markets are subject to huge fluctuations. As a result their currencies against those of advanced industrialized economies are weaker. Even the well developed countries especially UK has been faced with this reality but their ability to manipulate exchange rates in international markets is considerably higher when compared to those developing countries (Wheele, 1995). 2. Literature ReviewCurrently available literature on the subject of exchange rate regime and related price stabilization policy in a modern economy has both a theoretical approach and a broader empirical approach. Price stabilization policy refers to a government macroeconomic strategy designed and executed by the central bank to ensure stable economic growth based primarily on stable prices and lower unemployment levels. This is a contingency macroeconomic model that presupposes a smoothing out effect on erratic fluctuations in aggregate supply. Alogoskoufis (1992) shows that the broader policy level approach includes monitoring and adjusting cyclical growth process and interest rates so that aggregate demand can be managed to achieve broader macroeconomic policy goals.This

Crucible Analyzing John Proctor Essay Example for Free

Crucible Analyzing John Proctor Essay Analyzing John Proctor as a Tragic Hero In the Crucible, a play by Arthur Miller, John Proctor is the tragic hero. A tragic hero is defined as someone who has great courage that ends up dying at the end of the story. The reason John Proctor is the tragic hero of this play is because he has so much to lose. John Proctor fulfills my requirements of a tragic hero throughout the play. He decides to go to court and expose the girls. The girls turn on him and he gets accused. He is only trying to do well, but gets falsely accused. John Proctor is also a very intelligent man who can detect others as being fraudulent, however he questions his own moral. He questions himself because of his affair with Abigail which was his only flaw throughout the play. In spite of this I still consider him an honorable man. Another thing he did was save his wife from being put to death, and also refusing to confess practicing witchcraft. He proves he is a tragic hero when he explains to the judge that since he gave his soul to leave his name. With this plea, Proctor has eliminated all hopes of living and has established himself as the tragic hero. John Proctor is a man of sufficient stature in that he is given the choice to save himself at the end of the play, but does not. He does keep his affair secretive, but that is only thing that made him seem like the villain. He did not deserve to die at the end of the play, but that is one of the requirements to make him considered a tragic hero. Proctor serves as the voice of justice in the play. He came out and told everyone about Abigail falsely accusing others of being witches. He also came out and ripped the warrant and told the men to leave. In the end, he comes close to confessing being a witch but realizes it disgraces his good name, which is all his children will know him by. The issues leading to John Proctors death are not universal. I believe that he should not have been the one getting the punishment in the end, but that is why he is the tragic hero. Throughout the play he was a man of integrity and nobleness. He confessed to practicing witchcraft, in which he really  didnt. This is why he died; saving his wife from death.

Amendments to the Constitution Essay -- First Amendment, Second Amend

The framers of our Constitution knew that time has a way of changing countries and their citizens. Our country was in a whirlwind of change in 1789 as people were experiencing freedom from the tyranny of England for the first time in their lives. Our country was being molded and formed into a great nation by the founding fathers. Expectations and rules had to be set to protect the rights of the minorities and majorities. Amendments to the Constitution were written to ensure equality for all in changing times. The First Amendment is one of the most recognized rights in the Bill of Rights. It is a basic right that seems to help define each person as an individual yet as part of an association. The amendment states that â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances† (Constitution, Amendment 1) This amendment gave the right to secure and practice any religion. Religion was the reason that the Puritans left England. They wanted to be free to start their own churches and be free from religious persecution. The first amendment allows individuals the right to be part if any religion, if any, of their choosing. The vast majority of religious associations attest to this amendment: Catholics, Protestants, Scientologists, Jews, Hindus, and many, many more. United States citizens also enjoy the right to express themselves and their opinions in printed form or verbally. This is known as the freedom of the press. There are restrictions within reason, such as restrictions on libel and slander, and obscene act... ...ad a ban on handguns for 32 years. The ruling states that the Second Amendment guarantees the individual right to posses a firearm, even if they have no connection to a military organization, as long as the firearm is for law abiding reasons, such as self-defense in the home. (Fields, 2010). The First and Second Amendments will forever be ‘contemporary issues’. The rights that are guaranteed to us are the same ones that allow us to question our government and allow for change. It will be a challenge for our courts to keep up with the changing times yet keep our rights intact. These rights are part of the foundation of our society. The framers had insightful intent to include the basic rights of all people for generations. Our great nation has flourished because of these rights- they allow each all of us to be unique individuals while being completely whole.

History of Nature and Nurture Essay

Abstract Nature vs. nurture has been discussed by philosophers in the past and by scientists most recently. Philosophers such as Plato argued that all knowledge was inherited through your parent and when you were told something you didn’t learn it you were just reminded of it. Aristotle however argued that all humans were born with a blank slate and built on it with influence from there environment. In the 1700’s the empiricists and the internalists took over the argument. They fought through letters explaining there point of views and denouncing the others. This leads to Pavlov coming up with the idea of behaviorism in the early 1900? s. Behaviorism became the new wave of Psychology and influenced a lean towards the nurture side. It was not effectively argued against until 1928 when Watson published his book. This opened up the floodgates for environmental influences studies. Soon the idea of nurture was the popular excuse for behavior. Studies using animals were the most popular was in which scientists used to prove a theory, or disprove a theory. The newest studies use human twins to prove nature vs. nurture. An age-old question has been asked for generations before us. What is the reasons behind the development of human behavior? There have been many theories formulated to explain why humans behave the way they do. Explanations vary from demonology to magnetic fluids controlling people’s behaviors. Over time, two theories have remained popular in academic fields such as philosophy and psychology. The surviving theories for behavior stem from physiological and sociological explanations. However, the two explanations have not always been compatible with each other. The famous nature vs. nurture debate over human behavior resulted from conflicting views between proponents of the physiological (nature) and sociological (nurture) explanations. Throughout history, research has swayed popularity back and forth between the theories. Yet, theorists have broken down the line separating nature and nurture. Today, people us both explanations in research to advance the knowledge of human behavior. Thousands of years before the field of psychology, philosophers pondered on human behavior. As early as 350 BC, such philosophers as Plato and Aristotle tried to understand behavior. The question of nature or nurture as the primary drive can be traced to these times. Plato believed behavior and knowledge was due to innate factors. Author Fiona Cowie states, â€Å"The claim that the character of our mental furniture is to a large extent internally rather than environmentally determined found its first substantive defense in the works of Plato†¦ † (Cowie, 1999, p. 3). Plato theorized, and Descartes later agreed, that all knowledge is present at birth. Plato also believed that the environment played a part in human processes, but he thought it had an unique role. He believed the environment did not teach people anything new, but its purpose was to remind people of information they already knew (Cowie, 1999). Although Plato’s views are not supported today, he laid the groundwork for other researchers to follow. On the other hand, philosopher Aristotle theorized a different idea about human behavior. He presented the idea that humans are born into the world with a â€Å"blank slate† and people’s behavior and thoughts are due to experience (Ashcraft, 1998). His tabula rasa explanation believed that the environment and experience were the important influences in human behavior. Unlike Plato, Aristotle hypothesized that humans were not born with knowledge, but they acquire it through experience (Ashcraft, 1998). Aristotle’s idea of the tabula rasa is not believed today. Nevertheless, his belief that the environment was a vital factor in behavior influenced many empiricists throughout history. During the late 1700s, the nature vs. nurture debate began to heat up between philosophers. Internalists (nature) and empiricists (nurture) wrote literature back and forth trying to prove their beliefs and disprove the other’s theories. Two philosophers, G. W. Leibniz and John Locke, were main representatives of their respected explanations. Leibniz promoted the internalism point of view. Cowie states, â€Å"†¦ Leibniz’s position on this issue is, of course, that the tabula is far from rasa: ? The soul inherently contains the sources of various notions and doctrines, which external objects merely rouse up†¦ ‘ † (Cowie, 1999, p. 7). Leibniz argued against Locke and other empiricists stated that â€Å"†¦ there is no way ideas which come into the mind from outside can be formed into beliefs and judgments without the operation of specific internal mechanisms† (Cowie, 1999, p. 17). At the same time, John Locke and his fellow philosophers campaigned for empiricism. Like Aristotle, the philosophers believed that humans’ thoughts and actions were determined not by innate factors, but by the their unique experiences (Ashcraft, 1998). Locke argued against the internalists by examining different human processes such as logic and reasoning. He would ask how it was possible to use logic and reasoning if people were born with all of the knowledge they would ever acquire (Cowie 1999, p. 19). The contrasting views of the two groups had begun the nature vs. nurture debate, which would linger in the fields of philosophy and psychology for decades. A point should be made that even though the interalists and empiricists felt strongly about their theories, the explanations were not entirely opposite of each other. Cowie explains, â€Å"? rhetoric aside, both empiricists and nativists are both internalist and externalists about the origin of what is in our minds†(Cowie, 1999, p. 17). Even Leibniz and Locke stated that the philosophies sometimes were only different by the choices of words they used to describe their theories. Leibniz once wrote that fundamentally their views were the same about the nature vs. nurture question (Cowie, 1999). Over the next couple hundred years, popularity was split between nature and nurture. However, in the early 1900s Ivan Pavlov accidentally discovered what eventually became labeled as behaviorism. Behaviorists believed that the environment was the greatest factor in shaping behavior. The theory quickly gained notoriety in psychology and swayed popularity to the nurture side. One of the leaders in behavioral research was John Watson, who is most recognized for his work in conditioning â€Å"Little Albert. † In 1928, Watson published a book that included his idea that infants were like clay. Watson stated that he could make an infant anything he desired by manipulating the environment (Barnet, 1998). Watson wrote, â€Å"Give me a dozen healthy infants†¦ and my own special world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one†¦ and train him to become any type of specialist†¦ â€Å"(Amsel, 1989, p. 24). In the 1960s, Skinner also became well known for his research in behaviorism. Most of his work dealt with behavior modification with animals (Amsel, 1989). Probably Skinner’s most famous research is when he conditioned pigeons to guide missiles (Modgil, 1987). However, Skinner, and others in his field, began to receive scrutiny for ignoring the biology of humans. Yet, Skinner responded by saying, â€Å"The objection to inner states is not that they do not exist, but that they are not relevant in a functional analysis† (Modgil, 1987, p. 228). From the 1920s to 1950s, behaviorism and nurturism dominated psychology. The domination did not go without any challenges, and it did not last forever. As early as 1929, behaviorism came under attack by psychologists who believed genes were the key to human behavior. To begin, Arnold Gesell questioned the environmental view of Watson. Author Myrtle McGraw states, â€Å"Gesell contended that there was nothing one could do through training young infants to accelerate their development; one simply had to wait until the cells of the nervous system ? ripened'†(McGraw, 1995, p. 264). The biological research continued to build against behaviorism, and its popularity began to decrease. In 1959, the final attack that swayed popularity to the nature side of development originated with Noam Chomsky and other psycholinguists. Chomsky attacked behaviorism’s scientific empiricism, especially dealing with the acquisition of language (Amsel, 1989). Ashcraft (1998) explains, â€Å"†¦ Chomsky argued not only that the behaviorist account of language was seriously wrong and misguided, but that behaviorism was unable in principle to provide useful scientific knowledge of language† (p. 22). In addition, research developments in physiology and new studies involving genetics, such as adoption studies, and studies on twins, popularized genetic influence over environmental. The most resent studies that have been done on twins and adoption use both identical and faternel twins. This consists in the studying of twins that were separated at birth and grew up in separate homes. Identical twins are 100% genetically similar and offer exact genetic replicas to study, where fraternal twins are the same as any other siblings at 50% similar (Vanderbilt pg6). Some of the final results of these studies show astonishing similarities between identical twins, yet others show little evidence of these similarities. With fraternal twins there is some similarities but none that are complete evidence of the nature theory. These studies fuel the pot for both the nature and the nurture ideas. The nature vs. nurture debate over the last forty years has reached an agreement that they both influence the development of human behavior. In the 1960s, researchers from both theories began to study the interaction of the genes and the environment (Devlin 1997). Dr. Ann Barnet explains, â€Å"Even in an unborn baby, genes and environment interact almost from the moment of conception†(Barnet, 1998, p. 10). The interaction between nature and nurture can be summed up by the statements of Dr. Fausto-Sterling and Dr. Evan Balaban. Fausto-Sterling states, â€Å"People want simple explanations for hard-core problems. If there was an antitestosterone drug that we could to inject to make young boys nice†¦ it would be easier and cheaper than transforming schools†¦ or whatever is at the heart of the problem† (Barnet, 1998). However, Balaban replies, â€Å"†¦ don’t hold your breath if you think looking for genes to help you understand violence. I would put my money on some clever environmental manipulations, because in the end you’re going there anyway† (Barnet, 1998, p. 206). The nature vs. nurture debate has produced many research advances in the area of human development. Even though evidence proves that there is an interaction between genes and the environment, people will continue to study the effects of each in development. In these future studies, more groundbreaking advances will be made to aid humans in better understanding human behavior. In the end, that is what both sides of the nature vs. nurture debate intended to accomplish. Bibliography Amsel, A. (1989). Behaviorism, Neobehaviorism, and Cognitivism in Learning Theory. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum,. Ashcraft, M. (1998). Fundamentals of Cognition. New York, NY: Longman. Barnet, A. (1998). The Youngest Minds. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. Cowie, F. (1999). What’s Within?. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Devlin, B. (1997). Intelligence, Genes, and Success. New York, NY: Copernicus. Deutschmann, Linda B. (2002). Deviance and Social Control Third Edition. Scarborough, ON: Nelson Thomson Learning. Fujita, Frank. (2000). Nature vs. Nurture. 3/15/2002 from http://folk. uio. no/roffe/faq/node 11. html McGraw, M. (1995). Beyond Heredity and Environment. San Francisco, CA: Westview Press. Modgil, S. (1987). B. F. Skinner: Consensus and Controversy. New York, NY: Falmer Press. Myers, David G. (2001). Psychology Sixth Edition. New York, NY: Worth Publishers.